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The history of slavery spans many different cultures, nationalities, and religions from ancient times to the present day. Likewise, its victims have come from many different ethnicities and religious groups. The social, economic, and legal positions of slaves have differed vastly in different systems of slavery in different times and places.
Slavery has been found in some hunter-gatherer populations, particularly as hereditary slavery,
(2026). 9781139059251 ISBN 9781139059251 but the conditions of agriculture with increasing social and economic complexity offer greater opportunity for mass chattel slavery. Slavery was by the time the first civilizations emerged (such as Sumer in Mesopotamia,
which dates back as far as 4000 BC). Slavery features in the Mesopotamian Code of Hammurabi (c. 1750 BC), which refers to it as an established institution.
(2026). 9789988550325, Sub-Saharan Publishers. ISBN 9789988550325 (2026). 9781139059251 ISBN 9781139059251 and the Americas. (2026). 9780198758815, Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198758815
Slavery became less common throughout Europe during the Early Middle Ages but continued to be practiced in some areas. Both Christians and Muslims captured and enslaved each other during centuries of warfare in the Mediterranean and Europe. Islamic slavery encompassed mainly Western and Central Asia, Northern and Eastern Africa, India, and Europe from the 7th to the 20th century. Islamic law approved of enslavement of non-Muslims, and slaves were trafficked from non-Muslim lands: from the North via the Balkan slave trade and the Crimean slave trade; from the East via the Bukhara slave trade; from the West via Andalusian slave trade; and from the South via the Trans-Saharan slave trade, the Red Sea slave trade and the Indian Ocean slave trade.
Beginning in the 16th century, European , starting mainly with merchants from Portugal, initiated the transatlantic slave trade. Few traders ventured far inland, attempting to avoid tropical diseases and violence. They mostly purchased imprisoned Africans (and exported commodities including gold and ivory) from kingdoms, transporting them to Europe's colonies in the Americas. The merchants were sources of desired goods including guns, gunpowder, copper manillas, and cloth, and this demand for imported goods drove local wars and other means to the enslavement of Africans in ever greater numbers. (2026). 9780753820568, Phoenix. ISBN 9780753820568 In India and throughout the New World, people were forced into slavery to create the local workforce. The transatlantic slave trade was eventually curtailed after European and American governments passed legislation Abolitionism their nations' involvement in it. Practical efforts to enforce the abolition of slavery included the British Preventative Squadron and the American African Slave Trade Patrol, the abolition of slavery in the Americas, and the widespread imposition of New Imperialism in Africa.
In modern times, human trafficking remains an international problem. Slavery in the 21st century continues and generates an estimated $150 billion in annual profits. Populations in regions with armed conflict are especially vulnerable, and modern transportation has made human trafficking easier. In 2019, there were an estimated 40.3 million people worldwide subject to some form of slavery, and 25% were children. 24.9 million are used for forced labor, mostly in the private sector; 15.4 million live in forced marriages. Forms of slavery include domestic labour, forced labour in manufacturing, fishing, mining and construction, and sexual slavery.
Slavery occurred in civilizations including ancient Egypt, ancient China, the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, Babylonia, Persia, ancient Israel,John Byron, Slavery Metaphors in Early Judaism and Pauline Christianity: A Traditio-historical and Exegetical Examination, Mohr Siebeck, 2003, , p. 40Roland De Vaux, John McHugh, Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1997, , p. 80J.M. Roberts, The New Penguin History of the World, pp. 176–77, 223 ancient Greece, ancient India, the Roman Empire, the Arab Islamic and , Nubia, Aksum the African empires of Sub-Saharan Africa, and the pre-Columbian civilizations of the Americas." Historical survey > Slave-owning societies". Encyclopædia Britannica. Ancient slavery consists of a mixture of debt bondage, punishment for crime, prisoners of war, child abandonment, and children born to slaves. "Demography, Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves," by W.V. Harris: The Journal of Roman Studies, 1999.
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